M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chidwi kwambiri chaperekedwa ku supermaterial graphene. Koma graphene ndi chiyani? Eya, lingalirani chinthu chimene chiri champhamvu kuŵirikiza 200 kuposa chitsulo, koma chopepuka kuŵirikiza 1,000 kuposa pepala.
Mu 2004, asayansi awiri ochokera ku yunivesite ya Manchester, Andrei Geim ndi Konstantin Novoselov, "adasewera" ndi graphite. Inde, zomwezo mumapeza pansonga ya pensulo. Iwo anali ndi chidwi chofuna kudziwa za zinthuzo ndipo ankafuna kudziwa ngati zingachotsedwe mu gawo limodzi. Chifukwa chake adapeza chida chachilendo: tepi yolumikizira.
"Mumayala [tepiyo] pamwamba pa graphite kapena mica kenako ndikuchotsa pamwamba," Heim adafotokozera BBC. Ma graphite amawuluka kuchokera pa tepi. Kenako pindani tepiyo pakati ndikumata pa pepala lapamwamba, kenaka muwalekanitsenso. Kenako mumabwereza njirayi 10 kapena 20.
"Nthawi iliyonse zipserazo zimasweka kukhala zowonda komanso zowonda. Pamapeto pake, ma flakes oonda kwambiri amakhalabe pa lamba. Inu mumasungunula tepiyo ndipo chirichonse chimasungunuka.”
Chodabwitsa n’chakuti njira ya tepiyo inachita zodabwitsa. Kuyesera kochititsa chidwi kumeneku kunapangitsa kuti apeze ma graphene flakes osanjikiza amodzi.
Mu 2010, Heim ndi Novoselov adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi chifukwa chopeza graphene, chinthu chopangidwa ndi maatomu a kaboni opangidwa mu latisi ya hexagonal, yofanana ndi waya wa nkhuku.
Chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu za graphene ndizodabwitsa ndi kapangidwe kake. Chigawo chimodzi cha pristine graphene chimawoneka ngati chosanjikiza cha maatomu a kaboni opangidwa mu mawonekedwe a hexagonal lattice. Chisa cha uchi cha atomikichi chimapatsa graphene mphamvu zake zochititsa chidwi.
Graphene ndi nyenyezi yamagetsi. Pa kutentha kwa firiji, imayendetsa magetsi bwino kuposa zinthu zina zilizonse.
Mukukumbukira maatomu a carbon omwe tidakambirana? Chabwino, aliyense ali ndi electron yowonjezera yotchedwa pi electron. Elekitironi iyi imayenda momasuka, kuilola kuti ipange ma conduction kudzera m'magawo angapo a graphene popanda kukana pang'ono.
Kafukufuku waposachedwa wa graphene ku Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) wapeza china chake chamatsenga: mukangotembenuza pang'ono (madigiri 1.1) mutembenuza magawo awiri a graphene kuti asagwirizane, graphene imakhala superconductor.
Izi zikutanthauza kuti imatha kuyendetsa magetsi popanda kukana kapena kutentha, ndikutsegula mwayi wosangalatsa wa superconductivity yamtsogolo kutentha kwapakati.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zikuyembekezeredwa kugwiritsa ntchito graphene ndi mabatire. Chifukwa cha kuwongolera kwake, titha kupanga mabatire a graphene omwe amalipira mwachangu komanso motalika kuposa mabatire amakono a lithiamu-ion.
Makampani ena akuluakulu monga Samsung ndi Huawei atenga kale njira iyi, ndi cholinga chobweretsa zopita patsogolozi m'zida zathu zatsiku ndi tsiku.
"Pofika chaka cha 2024, tikuyembekeza kuti zinthu zambiri za graphene zizipezeka pamsika," adatero Andrea Ferrari, mkulu wa Cambridge Graphene Center komanso wofufuza pa Graphene Flagship, ntchito yoyendetsedwa ndi European Graphene. Kampaniyo ikuyika ndalama zokwana 1 biliyoni muma projekiti ophatikizana. ntchito. Mgwirizanowu umathandizira chitukuko chaukadaulo wa graphene.
Othandizira ofufuza a Flagship akupanga kale mabatire a graphene omwe amapereka mphamvu zowonjezera 20% ndi mphamvu 15% kuposa mabatire apamwamba kwambiri masiku ano. Magulu ena apanga ma cell a solar opangidwa ndi graphene omwe ndi 20 peresenti aluso kwambiri pakusandutsa kuwala kwa dzuwa kukhala magetsi.
Ngakhale pali zinthu zoyambilira zomwe zagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za graphene, monga zida zamasewera a Head, zabwino kwambiri zikubwera. Monga momwe Ferrari ananenera: “Timalankhula za graphene, koma kwenikweni tikunena za zosankha zambiri zomwe zikuphunziridwa. Zinthu zikuyenda bwino.”
Nkhaniyi yasinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wanzeru, kuwunika, ndikusinthidwa ndi akonzi a HowStuffWorks.
Wopanga zida zamasewera Mutu wagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zodabwitsazi. Racket yawo ya tennis ya Graphene XT imati ndi 20% yopepuka pa kulemera komweko. Uwu ndiukadaulo wosinthadi!
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Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-21-2023